2.2. Geographical and language background
The German language (Germ. "Deutsch"; Dan. "Tysk") is used in its Standard High German variety in the district of South Jutland or North Schleswig (Dan. "Sonderjyllands Amt"; Germ. "Kreis Nordschleswig), an area of 3,938 km2 in the Danish Kingdom between the German-Danish border and the Kongeaaen, by members of a German national minority numbering between 15 and 20,000. Approx. 20% of these use German in daily communication. The Germans are concentrated in and around Tinglev (Germ. Tingleff), Aabenraa (Apenrade) and Haderslev (Hadersleben). Contact languages are the majority language, Standard Danish ("Rigsdansk") and South Jutish ("Sonderjysk"), a Danish dialect which is the dominant colloquial of the area, while German is the more formal "high" language used in meetings, discussions and in church. Denmark is officially monolingual; German is officially recognized and supported in the area, but has no official status.
Outside the minority area German is used by members of St. Peter's parish in Copenhagen, which maintains a church and a school.
German is the language of instruction in the (private) minority schools. It is taught as a subject in all Danish secondary schools. There is a minority press; German broadcasts on majority (Danish) radio and TV are rare. German is an important means of communication in cross-border transactions with the neighboring state of Schleswig-Holstein and with the German Federal Republic. German is the language of all cultural activities for the minority, which is politically represented by 16 councillors on 9 town councils in the area and has one representative on the district assembly (Dan. "amtsraad") of Sonderjylland. Further connection between community and local/regional administration is provided by the 'family counsellors' of the German minority.
The total population of the area has remained steady at about 250,000 over the past decades. The largest proportion is rural, many live in small towns, few in semi-urban areas. There are no large cities in the area. Approx. 8,000 members of the minority have acquired German as their first language and use it daily. Its status and usage receded immediately after WW II. It never quite recovered its losses. The region ist still predominantly agricultural, with the tourist business gaining increasing importance. Industrialization affected this 'peripheral' area much later and more slowly than the rest of Denmark. Its economy is still lagging behind, its standard of living staying somewhat below that of the rest of Denmark. Some of the better trained members of the minority, therefore, cannot find adequate employment in their community and move (or stay) away.
North Schleswig is officially monolingual in Danish, as is the rest of Denmark. Though German does not have official status in the area, the German minority is free to identify with German ethnicity and culture. This identification may not be denied or controlled by the authorities. Denmark is responsible for quality instruction of German as a foreign language. German schools, churches and libraries within the minority are supported. The Danish government accepts the existence of German kindergartens, schools, libraries, athletic clubs, and cultural organizations. Their status is guaranteed by the Danish-German Agreement of 1955 ("Bonn-Kopenhagener Erklärungen").
The German minority in Denmark is officially represented by/in the "Bund Deutscher Nordschleswiger" (4,100 members) and its political party, the Slesvigsk Parti ("Schleswigsche Partei") and the "Deutscher Schul- und Sprachverein für Nordschleswig" ("German School and Language Association for North Schleswig"), which actively promote German language and culture among the minority.
There have not been any real problems between this minority and the majority population since the German-Danish Agreements of 1955. The German language/minority receives support from the German state of Schleswig-Holstein and from the German Federal Government.